The Muddy Waters of Multicultural Acceptance: A Qualitative Case Study on Antisemitism and the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict


Abstract views: 1071 / PDF downloads: 826

Authors

  • Daniel Ian Rubin Jacksonville State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/96

Keywords:

antisemitism, diversity, multicultural education, Israeli/Palestinian conflict

Abstract

The Jewish peoples have endured thousands of years of discrimination and subjugation, yet during this new millennium, Jews and antisemitism are conspicuously absent from university ethnic studies classroom discourse in the United States. Those scholars, determined to penetrate the walls of the multicultural education stronghold, are met with an ebb and flow of silence and vociferous resistance. A primary rationale for multiculturalists ignoring antisemitism appears to be the Zionist question and how they, themselves, perceive Israel’s relationship with Palestine. This qualitative case study analyzed interviews of six prominent scholars in the areas of multiculturalism, history, and Judaism through a critical pedagogical lens. Throughout this paper, the author explores his personal experiences in regard to educational multiculturalists and the dismissal of Jews as a persecuted group. From discourse analysis of themes and recurrent meanings in the data, it is evident that the majority of study participants believe that Israel’s behavior toward the Palestinians is unacceptable, yet that does not justify the large-scale generalizations of the Jewish people in the United States. As a result, this paper argues for the inclusion of the Jewish experience into university multicultural discourse.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adams, M., Bell, A., Goodman, D. J., & Joshi, K. Y. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching for diversity and social justice. NY: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315775852

Alanay, H. & Aydin, H. (2016). Multicultural Education: The Challenges and Attitudes of Undergraduate Students in Turkey. Education and Science, 41(184), 169-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2016.6146

Alba, R. (2006). On the sociological significance on American Jewish experience: Boundary blurring, assimilation, and pluralism. Sociology of Religion, 67(4), 347–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/67.4.347

Alexander, E. (1992). Multiculturalism’s Jewish problem. Academic Questions, 5(4), 63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683097

Alexander, E. (September/October 1994). Multiculturalists and anti-Semitism. Society, 31(6), 58-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02693278

Aliakbari1, M., & Faraji, E. (2011). Basic principles of critical pedagogy. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 17, 77-85.

Altman, A. N., Inman, A. G., Fine, S. G., Ritter, H. A., & Howard, E. E. (2010). Exploration of Jewish ethnic identity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(2), 163–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00005.x

AMCHA Initiative. (2015). Antisemitic activity in 2015 at U.S. colleges and universities with the largest Jewish undergraduate populations. Retrieved from http://www.amchainitiative.org/antisemitic-activity-schools-large-Jewish-report-2015

Anti-Defamation League. (2015). ADL global 100. Retrieved from http://global100.adl.org/

Arslan, S. & Yiğit, M. F. (2016). Investigation of the Impact of Emotional Intelligence Efficacy on Teachers' Multicultural Attitudes. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(11), 147-157.

Askar, A. (2015). On the relationship between Zionism and Judaism. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture, 20/21(4/1), 67-74.

Au, W. (Ed.). (2014). Rethinking multicultural education: Teaching for racial and cultural justice. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Rethinking Schools, Ltd.

Aydin, H. (2013). A literature-based approaches on multicultural education. The Anthropologist, 16(1-2), 31-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2013.11891333

Banks, J. A. (2016). Multicultural education: Characteristics and goals. In J. A. Banks & C. A. Banks (Eds.), Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (9th Edition) (pp. 2-23). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Barton, E. (2002). Resources for discourse analysis in composition studies. Style, 36(4), 575-595.

Beaumont, P. (2016, March 31). Israel-Palestine: Outlook bleak as wave of violence passes six-month mark. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/31/israel-palestine-violence-knife-attacks-west-bank-gaza

Berg, S. (2015, February 5). UK anti-Semitism hit record level in 2014, report says. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31140919

Bernstein, D. (2012, July 30). Academic tradition demands more evenhanded treatment of Israel. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 58(42). Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Academic-Tradition-Demands/133183/

Biale, D. (1998). The melting pot and beyond: Jews and the politics of American identity. In D. Biale, M. Galchinsky, & S. Heschel (Eds.), Insider/outsider: American Jews and multiculturalism (pp. 17-33). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Bowden, C., & Galindo-Gonzalez, S. (2015). Interviewing when you're not face-to-face: the use of email interviews in a phenomenological study. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 10, 79-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28945/2104

Caro, I. (2015). Anti-Semitism, anti-Zionism, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict from 2000 to 2014: Some visions from Latin American southern cone. TRAMES: A Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, 19(3), 289–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2015.2.05

Cohen, F., Harber, K. D., Jussim, L., & Bhasin, G. (2009). Modern anti-Semitism and anti-Israeli attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 290–306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015338

Corona, R., Velazquez, E., McDonald, S., Avila, M., Neff, M., Iglesias, A., & Halfond, R. (2017). Ethnic labels, pride, and challenges: A qualitative study of Latinx youth living in a new Latinx destination community. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 4(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/67

Crandall, C. S., Miller, J. M., & White, II, M. H. (2018). Changing norms following the 2016 U.S. Presidential election: The Trump effect on prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 186-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617750735

Cravatts, R. (2011). Antisemitism and the campus left. Journal for the Study of Antisemitism, 3(2), 407-442.

Cresswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2

Damgaci, F. K. (2013). Türkiye’deki akademisyenlerin çokkültürlü eğitime ilişkin tutumları. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul.Yildiz T echnical University.

Damgaci, F. K., & Aydin, H. (2014). An analysis of academicians’ perceptions of multicultural education: A Turkish experience. The Anthropologist, 18(3), 817-833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891614

Darder, A., Mayo, P., & Paraskeva, J. (2016). The internationalization of critical pedagogy: An introduction. In A. Darder, P. Mayo, & J. Paraskeva (Eds.), International critical pedagogy reader (pp. 1-14). New York, NY: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092584

Darder, A. (2015). Foreword. In P. W. Orelus and R. Brock (Eds.), Interrogating critical pedagogy: The voices of educators of color in the movement (pp. xi-xiv). New York, NY: Routledge.

Deniz, M., & Ersoy, E. (2016). Examining the Relationship of Social Skills, Problem Solving and Bullying in Adolescents. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(1), 1 -7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2016.01.001

Fairclough, N. (2001). The dialectics of discourse. TEXTUS, 14(2), 231-242.

Fairclough, N. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. Marges Linguistiques, 9, 76-94.

Faltis, C. (2014). Toward a Race Radical Vision of Bilingual Education for Kurdish Users in Turkey: A Commentary. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 1(1), 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/10

Freedman, J. (2005). Transgressions of a model minority. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 23(4), 69–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2005.0147

Freire, P., & Macedo, D. (1998). Literacy: Reading the word and the world. Thinking, 14(1), 8-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/thinking199814113

Friedman. E. (2016). Recognition gaps in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The people-state and self-other axes. Journal of Language & Politics, 15(2), 193-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15.2.04fri

Ghanem, A. (2016). Israel’s second-class citizens: Arabs in Israel and the struggle for equal rights. Foreign Affairs, 95(4), 37-42.

Gilman, S. L. (2003). “We’re not Jews”: Imagining Jewish history and Jewish bodies in contemporary multicultural literature. Modern Judaism, 23(2), 126-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjg009

Goldstein, D. M., & Hall, K. (2017). Postelection surrealism and nostalgic racism in the hands of Donald Trump. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 397–406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.1.026

Greenberg, C. (2015). “I’m not white – I’m Jewish”: The racial politics of American Jews. In E. Sicher (Ed.), Race, color, identity: Rethinking discourses about “Jews” in the twenty-first century (pp. 35-55). New York: Berghahn Books.

Brooks, J. G. (1999, December 30). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms. [Review of the book, by C. Halpern]. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 1(1), 32-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5790

Haynes, M. (2003). Vive la Différance: Jewish women teachers’ constructions of ethnicity and identity and their experiences of anti-Semitism in secondary schools. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 6(1), 51-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332032000044585

Heath, S. B., & Street, B. V. (2008). On ethnography: Approaches to language and literacy research. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Hershberger, P., & Kavanaugh, K. (2017). Comparing appropriateness and equivalence of email interviews to phone interviews in qualitative research on reproductive decisions. Applied Nursing Research, 37, 50-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.07.005

Hodges, B. D., Kuper, A., & Reeves, S. (2008). Qualitative research: Discourse analysis. British Medical Journal, 337, 570-572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a879

Huckin, T., Andrus, J., & Clary-Lemon, J. (2012). Critical discourse analysis and rhetoric and composition. College Composition and Communication, (64)1, 107-129.

James, N. (2007). The use of email interviewing as a qualitative method of inquiry in educational research. British Educational Research Journal, 33(6), 963-976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657074

James, G. (2018). A narrative inquiry perspective into coping mechanisms of international postgraduate students’ transition experiences. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 2(1), 41-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5793

Jaschik, S. (2009, December 28). The lost tribe. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/12/28/jews

Kaplan, M. (2015, July 13). Attacks on France's Jews surge amid concerns of rising anti-Semitism in Europe. International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/attacks-frances-jews-surge-amid-concerns-rising-anti-semitism-europe-2006003

Karatas, K., & Oral, B. (2015). Teachers’ perceptions on culturally responsiveness in education. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 2(2), 47-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/39

Kaya, Y. (2015). The Opinions of Primary School, Turkish Language and Social Science Teachers regarding Education in the Mother Tongue (Kurdish). Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 2(2), 33-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/33

Keesing-Styles, L. (2003). The relationship between critical pedagogy and assessment in teacher education. Radical Pedagogy, 5(1). Retrieved from http://www.radicalpedagogy.org/radicalpedagogy/The_Relationship_between_Critical_Pedagogy_and_Assessment_in_Teacher_Education.html

King, R. D., & Weiner, M. F. (2007). Group positions, collective threat, and American anti-semitism. Social Problems, 54(1), 47-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.1.47

Langman, P. F. (1995). Including Jews in multiculturalism. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 23(4), 222–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1995.tb00278.x

Lasson, K. (2010). Campus antisemitism. Journal for the Study of Antisemitism, 2(2), 451-458.

Lipka, M. (2003, October 2). How many Jews are there in the United States? Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/

MacDonald-Dennis, C. (2006). Understanding anti-semitism and its impact: A new framework for conceptualizing Jewish identity. Equity & Excellence in Education, 39(3), 267–278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680600792794

Maher, F. A., & Tetreault, M. K. (1993). Frames of positionality: Constructing meaningful dialogues about gender and race. Anthropological Quarterly, 66(3), 118-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3317515

Maizels, L. (2011). On whiteness and the Jews. Journal for the Study of Antisemitism, 3(2), 463-488.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Márque, J., Peña, C., Jones, L., Orange, A., & Simieou, F. (2018). Academic success and resiliency factors: A case study of unaccompanied immigrant children. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 2(1), 162-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5797

rtinez, E. (1994). Seeing more than black & white: Latinos, racism, and the cultural divides. Retrieved from http://www.indigenouspeople.net/blackwht.htm

Mason, D., & Ide, B. (2014). Adapting qualitative research strategies to technology savvy DOI: https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.21.5.40.e1241

adolescents. Nurse Researcher, 21(5), 40-45.

Mathews, S. A. (2016). Using digital participatory research to foster glocal competence: Constructing multimedia projects as a form of global and civic citizenship. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 7(2), 1-29.

Maza, C. (2018, May 14). Dozens killed by Israel while protesting U.S. Jerusalem embassy move on Gaza’s bloodiest day since 2014 war. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/dozens-shot-dead-protesting-trumps-jerusalem-embassy-move-gazas-bloodiest-day-924461

McClaskey, R. (2008). A guide to discourse analysis. Nurse Researcher, 16(1), 24-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2008.10.16.1.24.c6751

McGregor, S. L. T. (2003). Critical discourse analysis: A primer. Kappa Omicron Nu, 15(1), 1-11.

McLaren, P. (2001). Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the politics of hope: Reclaiming critical pedagogy. Cultural Studies <-> Critical Methodologies, 1(1), 108-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/153270860100100112

McLaren, P. (2005). Capitalists and conquerors: A critical pedagogy against empire. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Merriam, S. B. (1991). Case study in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Moulin, D. (2016). Reported schooling experiences of adolescent Jews attending non-Jewish secondary schools in England. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 19(4), 683-705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2015.1013459

Muckenfuss, A. (2017, October 13). Anti-Semitic stickers found on campus. Retrieved from http://theappalachianonline.com/2017/10/13/anti-semitic-stickers-found-campus/

Nicholson, C. (2016). The role of historical representations in Israeli–Palestinian relations: Narratives from abroad. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(1), 5–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000143

Nieto, S., & Bode, P. (2011). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education (6th Edition). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Noack, R. (2018, April 11). ‘It is like we have regressed 100 years’: Report warns of resurgent global anti-Semitism. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/11/resurgent-traditional-antisemitism-behind-corrosion-of-jewish-life-report-warns/?utm_term=.6e4efd989a45

Noble, F. (2014, August 26). 'Wake up white Australia - Jews have been kicked out of 109 countries through history': Vile anti-Semitic letters target Jewish residents in exclusive Sydney suburbs. Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2734385/Neo-Nazi-group-targets-Australian-Jews-vile-letter-urging-residents-join-group.html

Orelus, P. W. (2015). Introduction: Critical pedagogy at the race and gender crossroads. In P. W. Orelus and R. Brock (Eds.), Interrogating critical pedagogy: The voices of educators of color in the movement (pp. 1-16). New York, NY: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315774510

Pew Research Center. (2015, April 2). The future of world religions: Population growth projections, 2010-2050 - Jews. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/ jews/

Potok, M. (2015, November 16). FBI: Reported hate crimes down nationally, except against Muslims. SPLC: The Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/11/16/fbi-reported-hate-crimes-down-nationally-except-against-muslims

Raba', A., & Harzallah, H. (2018). Palestinian Teachers’ Views on the Factors That Limit Students’ Creativity and Some Possible Strategies to Overcome Them. Research In Social Sciences And Technology, 3(2), 40-57. Retrieved from http://ressat.org/index.php/ressat/article/view/330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.03.02.3

Rifkin, M. (2017). Indigeneity, apartheid, Palestine: On the transit of political metaphors. Cultural Critique, 95, 25-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.95.2017.0025

Roberts, R. (2017, August 12). Donald Trump accused of inflaming racial tensions amid violent clashes in Charlottesville, Virginia. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-accused-inflaming-racial-tensions-violent-clashes-in-charlottesville-virginia-white-a7890351.html

Rosenberg, Y. (2017, August 14). ‘Jews will not replace us’: Why white supremacists go after Jews. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/14/jews-will-not-replace-us-why-white-supremacists-go-after-jews/?utm_term=.5554f4684a25

Rosenblum, A. (2007). The past didn't go anywhere: Making resistance to Antisemitism part of all of our movements. Retrieved from http://www.buildingequality.us/prejudice/ antisemitism/rosenblum/

Rubin, D. I. (2013). Still wandering: The exclusion of Jews from issues of social justice and multicultural thought. Multicultural Perspectives, 15(4), 213-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2013.844607

Rubin, D. I. (2017). Whiter shade of pale: Making the case for Jewish presence in the multicultural classroom. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 19(2), 131-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i2.1415

Rubin, D. I. (2018). From the beginning: Creating a diversity and multicultural education course at Jacksonville State University. Education and Urban Society. Advance online publication. doi/10.1177/0013124517713612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517713612

Salem, W. (2014). The role of the Arab peace initiative in light of the latest Israeli-Palestinian war. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture, 19/20(4/1), 161-163.

Scham, P. (2015). Perceptions of Anti-Semitism in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture, 20/21(4/1), 114-120.

Schlosser, L. Z., Ali, S. R., Ackerman, S. R., & Dewey, J. J. H. (2009). Religion, ethnicity, culture, way of life: Jews, Muslims, and multicultural counseling. Counseling and Values, 54(1), 48–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2009.tb00004.x

Sheskin, I. M., & Felson, E. (2016). Is the boycott, divestment, and sanctions movement tainted by anti-Semitism? Geographical Review, 106(2), 270-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12163.x

Shudak, N. J. (2014). The re-emergence of critical pedagogy: A three-dimensional framework for teacher education in the age of teacher effectiveness. Creative Education, 5, 989-999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2014.511113

Sleeter, C. E., & McLaren, P. L. (Eds.). (1995). Multicultural education, critical pedagogy, and the politics of difference. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Sokol, S. (2016, January 24). European anti-Semitism has reached unprecedented levels. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/European-anti-Semitism-has-reached-unprecedented-levels-442615

Southern Poverty Law Center. (2018). Hate groups. Retrieved from https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map

Tarman, B., & Gürel, D. (2017). Awareness of social studies teacher candidates on refugees in Turkey. Journal of Social Studies Research, 41(3), 183-193. 10.1016/j.jssr.2016.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2016.11.001

Tarman, B. (2017). Editorial: The Future of Social Sciences. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 2(2). Retrieved from http://ressat.org/index.php/ressat/article/view/329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.02.02.ed

Tausch, A. (2014). The new global antisemitism: Implications from the recent ADL-100 data. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 18(3), 46-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2549654

Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006

Weinstein, L., & Jackson, C. (2010). College student Antisemitism and anti-Israeli sentiment.

College Student Journal, 44(2), 565-567.

Wilner, M. (2017, November 8). ADL: Data suggests spike in antisemitism across US. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/ADL-Data-suggest-spike-in-antisemitism-across-US-513648

Yigit, I. H., & Tatch, A. (2017). Syrian refugees and Americans: Perceptions, attitudes and insights. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 1(1), 13-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5789

Yin, R. K. (2008) Case study research: Design and methods (4th Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Inc.

Downloads

Published

2018-06-23

How to Cite

Rubin, D. I. (2018). The Muddy Waters of Multicultural Acceptance: A Qualitative Case Study on Antisemitism and the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/96

Issue

Section

Original Manuscript
Received 2018-03-12
Accepted 2018-05-21
Published 2018-06-23