Kurdish-Canadian Identity and the Intricacies of Acculturation
Abstract views: 5703 / PDF downloads: 498
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/260Keywords:
Kurdistan, dual identity, acculturation, Kurdish-Canadian, Iraqi Kurdish, self-identificationAbstract
This paper studies the process of acculturation of the Iraqi Kurdish community in Ontario, Canada. It explores factors such as ethno-cultural identities and the socio-cultural circumstances that impact the adaptation of a dual identity. The study explores components of the Kurdish participants’ ethnic and national identities, such as their self-identification and their sense of belonging and participation in aspects of life. It also elaborates on the ways in which members of the Iraqi Kurdish community in Canada understand and construe their life experiences, and what it means to live as Kurdish immigrants in a multicultural society.Downloads
References
Ala’Aldeen, D. (2013). Nishtimansazy w systemy farmanrewayetyi khomaly le haremy Kurdistan [Nation building and the system of self-governance in Kurdistan region]. Erbil, Iraq: Aras Publishing.
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed.). London, UK: Verso Books.
Beiser, M., Puente-Duran, S., & Hou, F. (2015). Cultural distance and emotional problems among immigrant and refugee youth in Canada: Findings from the New Canadian Child and Youth Study (NCCYS). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 33–45. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.005
Bengio, O. (2012). The Kurds of Iraq: Building a state within a state. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781588269638
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47(1), 5–68. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (2013). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 663–675. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.005
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55(3), 303–332. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
Cheong, P. H., Edwards, R., Goulbourne, H., & Solomos, J. (2007). Immigration, social cohesion, and social capital: A critical review. Critical Social Policy, 27(1), 24–49. doi: 10.1177/0261018307072206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018307072206
Dion, K. K. & Phan, M. B. (2009). Ethnic group ties, inter-group threat, and ethnic self-identity. In J. G. Reitz, R. Breton, K. K. Dion, & K. L. Dion (Eds.), Multiculturalism and social cohesion: Potentials and challenges of diversity (1st ed., pp. 49–67). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9958-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9958-8_2
Eriksen, T. H. (2010). Ethnicity and nationalism: Anthropological perspectives (3rd ed.). London, UK: Pluto Press.
Etherington, M. (2019). The Challenge with Educational Transformation. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 2(1), 96-112. Retrieved from http://cultureandvalues.org/index.php/JCV/article/view/33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.02.01.8
Gardner, S., Polyzoi, E., & Rampaul, Y. (1996). Individual variables, literacy history, and ESL progress among Kurdish and Bosnian immigrants. TESL Canadian Journal, 14(1), 1–20. doi: 10.18806/tesl.v14i1.674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v14i1.674
Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Ghosh, R. (2004). Public education and multicultural policy in Canada: The special case of Quebec. International Review of Education, 50(5–6), 543–566. doi: 10.1007/s11159-004-4685-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-004-4685-9
Government of Canada. (2014). Canada opens new trade office in nothern Iraq [News release]. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2014/02/canada-opens-new-trade-office-northern-iraq.html
Holtug, N. (2010). Immigration and the politics of social cohesion. Ethnicities, 10(4), 435–451. doi:10.1177/1468796810378320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810378320
Holtug, N. & Mason, A. (2010). Introduction: Immigration, diversity and social cohesion. Ethnicities, 10(4), 407–414. doi:10.1177/1468796810378318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810378318
Kaya, I., & Aydin, H. (2014). Pluralism, multiculturalism and bilingual education [Çoğulculuk, Çokkültürlü ve İkidilli Eğitim]. Ankara: Ani Press.
Khayati, K. (2008). From victim diaspora to transborder citizenship? Diaspora formation and transnational relations among Kurds in France and Sweden. Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University. Retrieved from https://www.mah.se/upload/forskningscentrum/mim/2009%20seminars/khalid%20khayati%2011%20mars.pdf
Kirmanj, S. (2013). Identity and nation in Iraq. London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781626370791
KNA. (2015). Law of protecting the rights of groups in Kurdistan-Iraq [Yasay parastiny mafy pekhatekan le Kurdistan-’Eraq]. Erbil, Iraq: Kurdistan Region-Iraq.
Lafer, S., & Tarman, B. (2019). Editorial 2019: (2)1, Special Issue. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 2(1), i-v. Retrieved from http://cultureandvalues.org/index.php/JCV/article/view/34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.02.01.ed
Lowe, L. (1996). Immigrant acts: On Asian American cultural politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822379010
Maira, S. M. (2009). Missing: Youth, citizenship, and empire after 9/11. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822392385
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Miraftab, F. (2000). Sheltering refugees: The housing experience of refugees in metropolitan Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 9(1), 42–63. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44320598
Naber, N. (2012). Arab America: Gender, cultural politics, and activism. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Natali, D. (2005). The Kurds and the state: Evolving national identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Phinney, J. S. (2010). Measurement of ethnic identity: Recurrent and emerging issues. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 10, 39–49. doi:10.1080/15283481003676226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15283481003676226
Peralta, J. B. (1997). The Kurds in Canada: A question of ethnic identity (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22098.pdf
Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
Phinney, J. S. (2004). Ethnic identity: Developmental and contextual perspectives. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.477.1331&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 493–510. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00225
Phinney, J. S., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development. doi:10.1177/0165025407081466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407081466
Schiller, N. G. (2005). Transborder citizenship: An outcome of legal pluralism within transnational social fields. In F. Von Benda-Beckmann, K. Von Benda-Beckmann, & A. Griffiths (Eds.), Mobile people, mobile law: Expanding legal relations in a contracting world (pp. 27–50). Burlington, ON: Ashgate.
Sciortino, J. E. (2000). The genesis of an ethnic community: The case of the Kurds in Canada (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33315&local_base=GEN01-MCG02
Stansfield, G. (2003). Iraqi Kurdistan: Political development and emergent democracy. London, UK: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203398302
Stansfield, G. (2005). Governing Kurdistan: The strengths of division. In B. O’Leary, J. McGarry, & K. Salih (Eds.), The future of Kurdistan in Iraq (pp. 195–218). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Statistics Canada. (2017). Data tables, 2016 census: Immigration and ethnocultural diversity (Catalogue number 98-400-X2016187). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=O&FREE=0&GC=01&GL=-1&GID=1341679&GK=1&GRP=0&O=D&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behavior. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. doi: 10.1177/053901847401300204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
Thangaraj, S. (2015). “They said ‘go back to Afghanistan’”: South Asian American basketball culture and challenging the “terrorist” stereotype. Amerasia Journal, 41(2), 25–46. doi: 10.17953/aj.41.2.25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17953/aj.41.2.25
Woofter, S. (2019). [Book Review]: Building Equity: Policies and Practices to Empower All Learners. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(1), 136-139. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5815
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
By submitting a manuscript to JECS, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JECS upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide publication rights and the right for JECS to grant permissions as JECS editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and its metadata in professional indexing and reference services. Any revenues from such redistribution are used solely to support the continued publication and distribution of articles.
Accepted 2019-07-13
Published 2019-08-16