A New Constitution for a Stable Nation: A Constitutional Study on the Long-Running Kurdish Question in Turkey
Abstract views: 50765 / PDF downloads: 932
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/21Abstract
The absence of a stable nation resulted in a national problem in Turkey, the Kurdish question. Although the country has been attempting to construct a stable nation for more than a decade, it has become apparent that the construction process cannot be completed in the existence of the current Turkish Constitution. Creating a new constitution has therefore become central to the State’s agenda. By employing the methods of comparative constitutional law, this article gives some suggestions for a potential new Turkish constitution that would eventually come up with a formula to form the stable nation and to help the country to resolve its long-running national problem. First, the new constitution may recognise Kurdish and its dialects as national or regional official languages. Second, it may lay a foundation for bilingual education that would enable the use of Kurdish as the language of instruction. Third, it may embrace the term ‘Türkiyeli’ to rule on citizenship matters. Finally, the constitution may provide constitutional protection for Kurdish linguistic, cultural and historical characteristics.Downloads
References
Aslan, F. & Sunar, S. (2014). Kürtçe okul yeniden açıldı. 7 November, Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/27528410.asp
Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi 704 köy ve mahallenin isimleri geri iade etti. (2014). 9 November, Van Büyükşehir Belediyesi Resmi Web Sitesi. Retrieved from http://www.van.bel.tr/tr/i/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediye_Meclisi_704_k%C3%B6y_ve_mahallenin_isimleri_geri_iade_etti
Capotorti, F. (1976). Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. New York: Official Publication of the United Nations.
Caminal, M. (2011). Democracy, Federalism and Plurinational States. In F. Requejo and M. Caminal (Eds.), Political Liberalism and Plurinational Democracies (pp. 226-251). New York: Routledge.
Celik, H. (2015). Hakan Celik ile Bir Ankara Muhabbeti. 8 January, Milliyet, p.13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18185/eufbed.33666
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). (2014). Combined Fourth to Sixth Periodic Reports of States Parties on Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1406711465_g1442643-1.pdf
Davutoğlu ve Kılıçdaroğlu TOBB’da konuştu: Ortak vaatleri yeni anayasa!. (2015). 3 May, Aydınlık. Retrieved from http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/politi- ka/davutoglu-ve-kilicdaroglu-tobbda-konustu-ortak-vaatleri-yeni-anayasa- h69062.html
Demir, E. Y. (2015). Öcalan’ın sunduğu 10 maddelik metnin detayları konuşuluyor. 19 February, Milliyet. Retrieved from http://www.haberturk.com/gun- dem/haber/1044734-ocalanin-sundugu-10maddelik-metnin-detaylari-konusuluyor
Demirel, T. (2004). Soldiers and Civilians: The Dilemma of Turkish Democracy. The Middle East Journal, 40(1), 127-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200412331301927
Earle, E. M. (1925). The New Constitution of Turkey. Political Science Quarterly, 40(1), 73-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2142408
Ensaroglu, Y. (2013). Turkey’s Kurdish Question and the Peace Process. Insight Turkey, 15(2), 7-17.
European Commission. (2000). Turkey 2000 Regular Report. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2000/tu_en.pdf
—— (2005). Turkey 2005 Progress Report. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2005/package/sec_1426_final_progress_report_tr_en.pdf
—— (2009). Turkey 2009 Progress Report. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). (1999). ECRI’s Country-by-Country Approach: Report on Turkey. Retrieved from http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_01/01_CbC_eng/01- cbc-turkey-eng.pdf
—— (2005). European Commission against Racism and Intolerance’s Third Report on Turkey. Retrieved from http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle- _03/03_CbCeng/TUR-CbC-III-2005-5-ENG.pdf
Gunter, M. M. (1998). The Kurdish Problem in Turkey. (1998) The Middle East Journal, 42(3), 389-406.
—— (2008). The Kurds Ascending: The Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hopes Fade for New Charter as Commission Dissolved. (2013). 19 November Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://www.todayszaman.com/news-331799-hopes-fade-for-new-charter-as-commission-dissolved.html
Hükümet ve HDP ilk kez ortak açıklama yaptı; 'silah bırakma' için Öcalan'ın kongre çağrısı duyuruldu!. (2015). 28 February, Kurdinfo. Retrieved from http://www.kurdinfo.com/nuce_bixwine.asp?id=6563
Iacovino, R. & Erk, J. (2012). The Constitutional Foundations of Multination Federalism: Canada and Belgium. In Seymour, M. & Gagnon A. G. (Eds), Multinational Federalism: Problems and Prospects (pp. 205-230). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016744_10
Ihalainen, P. & Saarinen, T. (2014). Constructing ‘Language’ in Language Policy Discourse: Finnish and Swedish Legislative Process in the 2000s. In Halonen, M., Ihalainen, P., & Saarinen, T. (Eds.), Language Policies in Finland and Sweden: Interdisciplinary and Multi-sited Comparison (pp. 29-56). Bristol: Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092710-004
Ince, B. (2012). Citizenship Education in Turkey: Inclusive or Exclusive. Oxford Review of Education, 38(2), 115-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2011.651314
Kaya, I. & Aydin, H. (2013). The Question of Mother Tongue Education in Turkey: Challenges, Experiences, and Model Recommendations for Bilingual Education. UKAM. Retrieved from http://www.ukam.org/e/pdf/UKAM-Rapor1-ENG(2).pdf
Kinzer, S. (2000). Turkey Delays the Execution of Rebel Kurd. 13 January, New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/13/world/turkey-delays-the-execution-of-rebel-kurd.html
Kurban, D. (2003). Confronting Equality: The Need for Constitutional Protection of Minorities on Turkey’s Path to the European Union. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 35(1), 151-214.
—— (2004). Unravelling a Trade-Off: Reconciling Minority Rights and Full Citizenship in Turkey. European Yearbook of Minority Issues, 4, 341-372.
Kürtçe Tabelayı Bakan Astı. (2014). 25 May, Milliyet. Retrieved from http://www.milliyet.com.tr/kurtce-tabelayi-bakan-asti-gundem-1887614/
McDowall, D. (1996). The Kurds. Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved from http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php@id=865
Nezan, K. (1980). The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire. In Gerard Chaliand (Ed.), People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (pp. 47-106). London: Zed Press.
Oran, B. (2011). The issue of ‘Turkish’ and ‘Türkiyeli’ (Turkey National; from Turkey). 11 January, Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://www.todaysza- man.com/news-232143-the-issue-of%E2%80%9C-turkish%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cturkiyeli%E2%80%9D-turkey-national-from-turkey.html
Peeters, P. (2007). Reflections on the Belgian Federal State. In Burgess, M. & Pinder, J. (Eds.), Multinational Federations (pp. 31-49). New York: Routledge.
Redinger, D. (2010). Language Planning and Policy on Linguistic Boundaries: the Case of Luxembourgish. In Millar, M. R. (Ed.), Marginal Dialects: Scotland, Ireland and Beyond (pp. 90-106). Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland.
Robins, P. (1996). The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue. International Affairs, 69(4), 657-671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2620591
Siirt'te köy isimleri değişti. (2014). 24 December, Yeniakit. Retrieved from http://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/siirtte-koy-isimleri-degisti42452.html
Strohmeier, M. (2003). Crucial Images in the Presentation of a Kurdish National Identity: Heroes and Patriots, Traitors and Foes. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401537
Tas, L. (2013). One State, Plural Options: Kurds in the UK. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 45(2), 167-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2013.781445
—— (2014). The Myth of the Ottoman Millet System: Its Treatment of Kurds and a Discussion of Territorial and Non-Territorial Autonomy. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 21(4), 497-526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02104003
Thornberry, P. & Gibbons, D. (1997). Education and Minority Rights: A Short Survey of International Standards. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 4(2), p. 115-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718119620907157
United Nations. (1996). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/iv-4.en.pdf
Yegen, M. (2009). “Prospective Turks” or “Pseudo Citizens”: Kurds in Turkey. The Middle East Journal, 63(4), 597-615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3751/63.4.14
Yildiz, K. & Muller, M. (2008). The European Union and Turkish Accession. London: Pluto Press.
Yilmaz: Road to EU Passes through Diyarbakir. (1999). 17 December, Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=yilmaz-road-to-eu-passes-through-diyarbakir-1999-12-17
Yoney, Y. (2014a). Kurdi-Der Awating Response for Kurdish-Teaching Schools. 24 September, Bianet. Retrieved from http://www.bianet.org/english/education/158726-kurdi-der-awaiting-response-for-kurdish-teaching-schools
—— (2014b). Kurdish-Teaching School Unsealed by Officials. 6 November, Bianet.Retrieved from http://www.bianet.org/english/world/159756-kurdish-teaching-school-unsealed-by-officials
Zeydanlioglu, W. (2012). Turkey’s Kurdish Language Policy. International Journal of the Sociology of the Language, 2012(217), 99-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0051
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
By submitting a manuscript to JECS, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JECS upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide publication rights and the right for JECS to grant permissions as JECS editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and its metadata in professional indexing and reference services. Any revenues from such redistribution are used solely to support the continued publication and distribution of articles.
Accepted 2015-07-06
Published 2015-06-30