Navigating Racialisation and Whiteness: British Turks’ Struggles for Belonging in Multiscale Public Spaces within the UK
Abstract views: 479 / PDF downloads: 146
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1964Keywords:
Whiteness, Multi-scale Spatialities, British Turks, British Politics, Belonging, Intersectionality, RacializationAbstract
This paper explores the complex dynamics of racialization and whiteness within the context of British Turks’ pursuit of belonging in multiscale public spaces in the UK. It examines how these dynamics ultimately lead them to perceive themselves as “non-British” and affirm their place as “Other” within mainstream British society. Based on their experiences in multiscale spatialities, ranging from urban and provincial cities to university campuses and pubs, this study delves into subtle forms of exclusions and stigmatizations tied to differentiated ways British Turks are racialized, revealing how racial identities are constantly reconstructed and contested in these spaces. Based on the discourses of racialization and whiteness emanating from the social and political context in which xenophobia and Islamophobia emerge, the findings highlight the need to consider the intersections of race, ethnicity, culture, and religion in understanding how British Turks constantly question their place and belonging in the UK and confront racial boundaries and different forms of racisms including Islamophobia within various settings in Britain.
Downloads
References
Abbas, T. (2004). After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, islamophobia, multiculturalism, and the state. American Journal of Islam and Society, 21(3), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.506
Abbas, T. (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure. Bloomsbury. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350221444
Abbas, T. (2020). Islamophobia as racialized biopolitics in the United Kingdom. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 46(5), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453720903468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453720903468
Ahmed, S. (2007). A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist Theory, 8(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078139
Ali, N., & Sayyid, S. (2006). A postcolonial people: South Asians in Britain. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Allen, C. (2007). Islamophobia and its consequences. CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies. https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=509731
Allen, C. (2016). Islamophobia. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315590080
Allen, C. (2020). Reconfiguring Islamophobia: A radical rethinking of a contested concept. Springer Nature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33047-7
Allen, C. (2023). Everyday experiences of Islamophobia in university spaces: A qualitative study in the United Kingdom. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 18(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/17461979231210996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17461979231210996
Amin, A. (2002). Ethnicity and the multicultural city: Living with diversity. Environment and Planning A, 34(6), 959–980. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a3537
Anderson, E. (2015). The white space. Sociology of race and ethnicity, 1(1), 10-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649214561306
Andersson, J., Sadgrove, J., & Valentine, G. (2012). Consuming campus: Geographies of encounter at a British university. Social & Cultural Geography, 13(5), 501-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2012.700725
Anne Turner, V. (2022). Interrogating whiteness through the lens of class in Britain: Empire, entitlement, and exceptionalism. Practical Theology, 15(1–2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023946
Babacan, M. (2021). Young Turks in Britain and Islamophobia: Perceptions, experiences, and identity strategies [Doctoral dissertation, University of Bristol]. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/316057851/Final_Copy_2022_03_22_Babacan_Muhammed_PhD_.pdf
Bhambra, G. K., & Holmwood, J. (2021). Colonialism and modern social theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Birt, Y. (2008). Governing Muslims after 9/11. In S. Sayeed & A. Vikil (Eds.), Thinking through Islamophobia: Symposium papers (pp. 26–29). Centre for Ethnicity and Racism Studies.
Boliver, V. (2017). Misplaced optimism: How higher education reproduces rather than reduces social inequality. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(3), 423-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2017.1281648
Bolland, A. C., Tomek, S., & Bolland, J. M. (2017). Does missing data in studies of hard-to-reach populations bias results? Not necessarily. Open Journal of Statistics, 7(2), 264–289. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2017.72021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2017.72021
Bonnett, A. (1998). Who was white? The disappearance of non-European white identities and the formation of European racial whiteness. Ethnic and racial studies, 21(6), 1029–1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419879808565651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419879808565651
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. SAGE Publications.
Butcher, M. (2010). Navigating ‘New’ Delhi: Moving between difference and belonging in a globalizing city. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 31(5), 507-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2010.513084
Carr, J. (2019). Islamophobia in Ireland: Challenges from below? In I. Zempi & I. Awan (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia (pp. 135–146). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-12
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research methods in education. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720967
Cohen, R. (1996). Theories of migration. Edward Elgar.
Denzin, N. K. and Y. S. Lincoln (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research: sage.
Fanon, F. (2007). The wretched of the earth. Grove Atlantic, Inc.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.) Vintage Books.
Fox, J. E., Moroşanu, L., & Szilassy, E. (2012). The racialization of the new European migration to the UK. Sociology, 46(4), 680–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511425558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511425558
Ganji, F. (2018). Everyday interculturalism in urban public open spaces: A socio-spatial inquiry in Bradford City (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield).
Gardener, K. (2003). Transnational migration and the Turkish state. In N. G. Gergin (Ed.), Turkey and the politics of national identity: Social, economic, and cultural transformation (pp. 189–210). I.B. Tauris.
Garner, S. (2012). A moral economy of whiteness: Behaviors, belonging and Britishness. Ethnicities, 12(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812448022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812448022
Garner, S. (2017). Racisms: An introduction. SAGE Publications.
Garner, S. (2023). Not in a relationship: Superdiversity’s anomalous disengagement from “race.” In F. Meissner, N. Sigona, & S. Vertovec (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Superdiversity (pp. 359–376). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544938.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544938.013.32
Garner, S., & Selod, S. (2015). The racialization of Muslims: Empirical studies of Islamophobia. Critical Sociology, 4(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514531606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514531606
Gilroy, P. (2004). After empire: Melancholia or convivial culture. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203482810
Gole, N. (2015). Islam and secularity: The future of Europe's public sphere: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220qmm
Gow, G. (2005). Rubbing shoulders in the global city: Refugees, citizenship and multicultural alliances in Fairfield, Sydney. Ethnicities, 5(3), 386-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796805054962
Hage, G. (2005). White Self-racialization as Identity Fetishism: Capitalism and the Experience. Racialization: Studies in theory and practice 185.
Hall, S., & Du Gay, P. (1996a). Questions of cultural identity. SAGE Publications.
Hickman, M. J., Morgan, S., Walter, B., & Bradley, J. (2005). The limitations of whiteness and the boundaries of Englishness: Second-generation Irish identifications and positionings in multiethnic Britain. Ethnicities, 5(2), 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796805052113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796805052113
HM Government. (2011). Prevent strategy. HMSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a78966aed915d07d35b0dcc/prevent-strategy-review.pdf
Hopkins, P. (2011). Towards critical geographies of the university campus: Understanding the contested experiences of Muslim students. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 36(1), 157–169. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23020847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00407.x
Husband, G. (2020). Ethical data collection and recognizing the impact of semi-structured interviews on research respondents. Education Sciences, 10(8), Article 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10080206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10080206
Ignatiev, N. (1994). How the Irish became white. Harvard University.
İnal, G., Ozbilgin, M. F., & Karatas-Ozkan, M. (2009). Understanding Turkish Cypriot entrepreneurship in Britain. Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity, Integration, Turkevi Research Centre, Amsterdam, 483-518.
King, R., Lazaridis, G., Tsardanidis, C., & Raghuram, P. (2000). Eldorado or fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. Macmillan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982525
Kristeva, J. (2024). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/kris21457
Kundnani, A. (2007). The end of tolerance: Racism in 21st century Britain. Pluto Press London.
Mackenzie, N., & Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2) 193–205. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ806133
Mandel, R. (2008). Cosmopolitan anxieties: Turkish challenges to citizenship and belonging in Germany. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822389026
Martens, D. (2005). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative approaches. Thousand 0aks: Sage.
Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2012). For “Jewish” read “Muslim”? Islamophobia is a form of racialization of ethno-religious groups in Britain today. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 1(1), 34–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.1.1.0034
Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2019). Islamophobia as the racialization of Muslims. In I. Zempi & I. Awan (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of Islamophobia (pp. 18–31). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-3
Moore, H. (2013). Shades of Whiteness? English Villagers, Eastern European Migrants and the Intersection of Race and Class in Rural England. Critical Race & Whiteness Studies 9(1).
Murji, K. and J. Solomos (2005). Racialization: Studies in theory and practice: Oxford University Press on Demand.
Nabi, S.-R. (2011). How is Islamophobia institutionalized? Racialized governmentality and the case of Muslim students in British universities [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Manchester]. https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:124257&datastreamId=FULL-TEXT.PDF
Nahai, R. N. (2013). Is meritocracy fair? A qualitative case study of admissions at the University of Oxford. Oxford Review of Education, 39(5), 681-701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2013.843447
Öktem, K. (2011). Angry nation: Turkey since 1989. Bloomsbury Publishing
Onay, Ö., & Millington, G. (2024). Negotiations with whiteness in British Turkish Muslims’ encounters with Islamophobia. Ethnic and racial studies. Advance online publications. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2317955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2317955
Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J. W. Sakshaug, & R. A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE Research Methods Foundations. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036831710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036831710
Possamai, A., Dunn, K., Hopkins, P., Amin, F., Worthington, L., & Ali, J. (2016). Muslim students’ religious and cultural experiences in the micro-publics of university campuses in NSW, Australia. Australian Geographer, 47(3), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2016.1191136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2016.1191136
Puwar, N. (2004). Space invaders: Race, gender, and bodies out of place. Berg Publishers.
Sayyid, S. (2018). Islamophobia and the Europeanness of the other Europe. Patterns of Prejudice, 52(5), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1512481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1512481
Sayyid, S., & Vakil, A. (2010). Thinking through Islamophobia: Global perspectives. Hurst.
Sian, K. P. (2009). The persistence of Sikh and Muslim conflict in diasporic context of BrAsian Sikhs. University of Leeds.
Vertovec, S. (1997). Three meanings of “diaspora” are exemplified among South Asian religions. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(3), 277–300. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0010
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
Westwood, S., & Williams, J. (1997). Imagining Cities: Scripts, signs, memory. Psychology Press.
Wise, A. (2009). Everyday multiculturalism: Transversal crossings and working-class cosmopolitans. In Everyday multiculturalism (pp. 21-45). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244474_2
Yegenoglu, M. (2012). Islam, migrancy, and hospitality in Europe. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137015457
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
By submitting a manuscript to JECS, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JECS upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide publication rights and the right for JECS to grant permissions as JECS editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and its metadata in professional indexing and reference services. Any revenues from such redistribution are used solely to support the continued publication and distribution of articles.
Accepted 2024-03-22
Published 2024-05-06