Youth’s Disposition of Radicalism in a Poly-Ethnic and Poly-Confessional Society from the Perspective of Tolerance/Intolerance


Abstract views: 453 / PDF downloads: 374

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1155

Keywords:

radicalism, social injustice, society, tolerance/intolerance, young people

Abstract

The research aims to study the features of tolerance/intolerance as an indicator of people's dispositions of radicalism in a poly-ethnic and poly-confessional society. The study was conducted in Kazakhstan, which can be an interesting example of a multi-ethnic and poly-religious society; a similar experience of the risk of radicalism among young people in a multicultural society is now shared by many countries of the world and most urbanized communities. To conduct applied research, methodological tools were created. The study was conducted online using the Google Forms platform. It involved 100 Almaty university students (43% of males and 57% of females) of various specialties in their 1-4 years of study. The study shows very high violent extremism indicators: the cult of power, the permissibility of aggression, conventional coercion, and conformity. It was found that there are gender differences in terms of violent extremism dispositions and tolerance: females are characterized by tolerance, social tolerance, and tolerance as a personality trait (p≤0.05), while interpersonal tolerance is characteristic of males (p≤0.05). The affective and conative tolerance components are more developed in females (р≤0.05), and the activity style and value orientation components are more often found in males (р≤0.05). Integrative tolerance corresponds to the average level: 87% have an average level, 11% have a low level, and 2% have a high level.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Olga Aimaganbetova, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Aimaganbetova Olga Khabidzhanovna - Doctor of Sciences in Psychology, Professor, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 71 al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050040. Profile: https://www.kaznu.kz/ru/3270/. Honorary Worker of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, holder of the badge “For Merit in the Development of Science in Kazakhstan”. Honorary Professor of Psychology at the Belgian Higher School. Academician of the International Academy of Psychological Sciences. She defended her doctoral dissertation (2007, Ukraine). She has papers published in the Scopus database. Under her leadership, 5 candidate, 2 doctoral dissertations, 4 PhD dissertations were defended. She is a member of the Discussion Council for the scientific certification of personnel in psychological sciences at British Academy of Education, Chairman of the Discussion Council for the defense of doctoral dissertations.

Yevgeniya Lashkova, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Lashkova Yevgeniya Ivanovna - Master of Psychology, Senior Lecturer, General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050040 al-Farabi ay., 71, 050000. I have three articles included in the scopus database devoted to the problems of practical psychology, supervision, and the formation of professionally important qualities in novice psychologists.  I am also engaged in applied research in the field of tolerance and interfaith interaction. I provide psychological assistance to people affected by radicalism.

Zabira Madaliyeva, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Madaliyeva Zabira Bekeshovna - Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Professor of department, General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazahstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050040 al-Farabi ay., 71, 050060. The topic of the doctoral dissertation in the specialty 19.00.07- pedagogical psychology "The emotional state of the teacher: features of manifestation and methods of regulation". She has prepared 3 candidates of psychological sciences, 1 PhD has over 250 scientific papers, author of 6 monographs, 10 teaching aids, 6 textbooks, scientific works with a high impact factor published abroad. Corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Excellent Student of Education of the USSR, winner of the competition "The Best University teacher 2010, 2022", Vice-President of the Kazakh Association of Psychologists, Full member of the OPPL of Russia, accredited supervisor, experienced teacher, famous scientist Madalieva Z.B. continues to contribute to the development of higher education in sovereign Kazakhstan.

Shynar Zakaryanova, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Zakaryanova Shynar Nurbekovna - Candidate of Psychology Sciences, Senior Lecturer, General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Казахстан, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050040 al-Farabi ay., 71, 050060. She defended the scientific degree of a candidate of psychological sciences on the topic: "Socio-psychological aspects of the socialization of orphans" (2009) under the code 19.00.07. Author of more than 50 scientific publications, including an author's monograph on the topic of socio-psychological support for children left without parental care. One of the founders of the lie detection service in the prosecutor's office of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Zukhra Sadvakassova, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Sadvakassova Zukhra Maratovna - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant professor, General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050040 al-Farabi ay., 71, 050040. Defended on the topic of Ph.D. thesis: "Pedagogical conditions for the training of school managers" (2009). Awards and awards: Laureate of the nominal scientific award named after M. Auezov for young scientists for the best work in the field of humanities of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the cycle of works "Management of the educational process in the focus of new pedagogical concepts, trends and ideas" (2009). "Best Candidate of Sciences" 2019. On the prevention of radicalism has 4 articles, 1 monograph.

Gulmira Kassen, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty, 050000

Kassen Gulmira Amankyzy - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor, General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050040 al-Farabi ay., 71, 050060. She was awarded the diploma "Kurmet" from the Minister of Education and Science (2017), author of over 200 scientific papers, including monographs, educational and methodical manuals, articles in journals recommended by the KKSON of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in publications indexed in international information resources Web of Science, in the Scopus database.

References

Abdinassir, N. (2021). Formation of the Turkish-Muslim People in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia in historiography. In Science, theory and practice (pp. 100–105). International Science Group.

Adam-Troian, J., Tecmen, A., & Kaya, A. (2021). Youth extremism as a response to global threats? A threat-regulation perspective on violent extremism among the youth. European Psychologist, 26(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000415

Aimaganbetova, O. K., Aimaganbetov, A. B., Li, A. V., & Seilkhanova, M. E. (2018). Cross-cultural study of religious preferences and orientations of student youth: Monograph. Kazakh University.

Aimaganbetova, O. K., Kasen, G. A., Madalieva, Z. B., Zakaryanova, S. N. & Sadvakasova, Z. M. (2021). The main directions of radicalism paradigm: Features of psychophysiological research using a polygraph. Kazakh University.

Aimukhambetov, T. T., Seitakhmetova, N. L., Mukhitdenova, A. T., Rysbekova, S. S., Omirbekova, A. O., & Alikbayeva, M. B. (2019). Study of the state religious policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. European Journal of Science and Theology, 15(2), 123–134.

Akanji, O. O. (2019). Sub-regional security challenge: ECOWAS and the war on terrorism in West Africa. Insight on Africa, 11(1), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805842

Aminnuddin, N. A. (2020). Ethnic differences and predictors of racial and religious discriminations among Malaysian Malays and Chinese. Cogent Psychology, 7, Article 1766737. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1766737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1766737

Beisembaev, S. (2019). Some aspects of improving violent extremism prevention policy in Kazakhstan: Prevention of extremism. In Z. K. Shaukenova (Ed.), Successes and difficulties. Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference (pp. 98–104). KazISS under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Bishmanov, K. M. (2021, April 21). The origins of radicalism. AZANKZ. https://azan.kz/maqalat/read/istoki-radikalizma-11587

Broer, N. A., Muynck, B. D., Apeldoorn, T. U., & Potgieter, F. J. (2019). On Measuring Religious Tolerance in Education. Religious Tolerance in Education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333546789

Burhanuddin, A., Yani, A. A., Hans, A., Hidayat, A. R., & Pudail, M. (2019). Mapping youth radicalism and socio-religious intolerance in social media. In Proceedings of the 1stHasanuddin International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (pp. 59–71). HICOSPOS. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2291531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2291531

Campeloa, N., Oppetit, A., Neau, F., Cohen, D., & Bronsard, G. (2018). Who are the European youths willing to engage in radicalisation? A multidisciplinary review of their psychological and social profiles. European Psychiatry, 52, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.03.001

Chelysheva, I., & Mikhaleva, G. (2019). Russian and foreign approaches to media education of young people in matters relating to interethnic tolerance. Media Education, 3, 381–392. https://doi.org/10.13187/me.2019.3.381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13187/me.2019.3.381

Chelysheva, I., & Mikhaleva, G. (2020). Content analysis of university students’ interethnic tolerance reflected in Russian and English-language media education of the Post-Soviet period (1992−2000). International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 5(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2020.1.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2020.1.15

Clobert, M., Saroglou, V., & Hwang, K. K. (2017). East Asian religious tolerance versus Western monotheist prejudice: The role of (in) tolerance of contradiction. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(2), 216–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603458

Davydov, D. G., & Khlomov, K. D. (2017). Methodology for assessing the dispositions of violent extremism. Psychological Diagnostics, 14(1), 78–97.

Dhami, M. K., & Murray, J. (2016). Youth perceptions of violent extremism: towards a test of rational choice theory. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, Article E51. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.49

European Parliament. (2015, November 25). European Parliament Resolution on the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations (2015/2063(INI)). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-2015-0410+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN

Faiola, E., & Mekennett, S. (2015, December 20). The Islamic State creates a new type of jihadist: Part terrorist, part gangster. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/the-islamic-state-creates-a-new-type-of-jihadist-part-terrorist-part-gangster/2015/12/20/1a3d65da-9bae-11e5-aca6-1ae3be6f06d2_story.html

Fernandez, J. J., Jaime‐Castillo, A. M., Mayrl, D., & Valiente, C. (2021). Societal religiosity and the gender gap in political interest, 1990–2014. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(2), 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12789

Finlay, R., & Hopkins, P. (2020). Resistance and marginalisation: Islamophobia and the political participation of young Muslims in Scotland. Social & Cultural Geography, 21(4), 546–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2019.1573436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2019.1573436

Halian, I., Machynska, N., Lozynska, S., Nos, L., Derkach, Y., Prots, M., & Popovych, I. (2020). Tolerance of uncertainty as a component of the process of life-creation of future educators. Revista Inclusiones, 7, 512–528. https://www.revistainclusiones.org/index.php/inclu/article/view/1307

Hoffman, M. (2020). Religion and tolerance of minority sects in the Arab world. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(2-3), 432–458. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002719864404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002719864404

Jason, P. (2015, January 6). Germany Pegida protests: Rallies over Islamisation. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30685842

Kadri, A. (2015, January 25). Paris attacks prompt fresh concerns about online Islamophobia. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30938849

Khan, H. U. (2020). Terrorism in retrospect: From zealots to 21st century. International Journal of Social Science Archives, 3(2), 80–85.

Kulzhanova, G. T., Kulzhanova, Z. T., & Efimova, L. A. (2021). Human Capital and Sustainable Development in a Religious Context. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(3), 169-182. DOI:10.29333/ejecs/757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/757

Lewis, B. (2018). The political language of Islam. University of Chicago Press.

Ma’arif, S., Sebastian, L. C., & Sholihan, S. (2020). A soft approach to counter radicalism: The role of traditional Islamic education. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 28(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.28.1.6294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.28.1.6294

Muda, K., Tohar, S. N. A., Yacob, S. N. M., & Rahman, R. A. (2018). The relationship between religious tolerance and ethnic relation practices among multi-ethnic youth in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(6), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i6/4252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i6/4252

Mukhtasarova, E. A., & Safin, F. G. (2018). State of modern Russian youth tolerance. In RPTSS 2018 – International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences (pp. 206–213). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.26

Nakaya, A. (2018). Overcoming ethnic conflict through multicultural education: The case of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1549

Nurshanov, A. A. (2020). New Islamist Movements in the Context of Modern World Geopolitics: PhD Thesis. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University.

Parfilovaa, G. G., & Karimova, L. S. (2016). Teenage students’ tolerance formation. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(4), 513–523.

Pochebut, L. G. (2012). Cross-cultural and ethnic psychology: Textbook. Petersburgh.

Refaat, M. (2021). Islamic Terrorism, Myth and Reality. The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books?hl=uk&lr=&id=N9xBEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=Refaat,+M.+(2021).+Islamic+Terrorism,+Myth+and+Reality.+The+European+Institute+for+International+Law+and+International+Relations.+&ots=t0KKWYtl-S&sig=-_yKCZ-SflpYXPCVqSm6fA6uiBM&re

Rezga, Z. (2019). Islam and the west: A controversial dichotomy. Traduction et Langues, 18(2), 166–179.

Rustamov, S. (2021). Processing of psychological data by mathematical methods (on the example of the SPSS program). Bulletin of Integrative Psychology, 22, 162–164.

Saiya, N. (2018). Weapon of peace: How religious liberty combats terrorism. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108565127

Salleh, M. C. M., Mahmod, N. A. K. N., Harun, A. B., Mohd, A., Noor, N. A. B. M., & Yusoff, R. B. M. (2021). An empirical investigation on religious diversity practices at Malaysian private and public sectors. International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 4(5), 80–96. http://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2021.4504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2021.4504

Schachter, E. P., & Galliher, R. V. (2018). Fifty years since “Identity: Youth and crisis”: A renewed look at Erikson’s writings on identity. Identity, 18(4), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1529267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1529267

Sharipova, D., & Beissembayev, S. (2021). Causes of violent extremism in Central Asia: The case of Kazakhstan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1872163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1872163

Soldatova, G. U., Kravtsova, O. A., Khukhlaev, O. E., & Shaigerova, L. A. (2008). Tolerance Index Quick Questionnaire. In G.U. Soldatova & L.A. Shaigerova (Eds.), Psychodiagnostics of personality tolerance, (pp. 46–51). Moscow: Smysl.

Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. (2020). Perspective: Delegitimizing ISIS and Militant Jihadist Ideologies May Also Require Addressing Anti-Western Biases. Homeland Security Today. https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/perspective-delegitimizing-isis-and-militant-jihadist-ideologies-may-also-require-addressing-anti-western-biases/

Spitsyna, O. A. (2019). The ascertaining stage of the study of tolerance as a component of rising psychologists’ personal potential. Kazan Pedagogical Journal, 2(133), 130–133. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obsuzhdenie-rezultatov-konstatiruyuschego-etapa-issledovaniya-tolerantnosti-kak-komponenta-lichnostnogo-potentsiala-buduschih

Stephens, W., Sieckelinck, S., & Boutellier, H. (2021). Preventing violent extremism: A review of the literature. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(4), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1543144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1543144

Sunkara, B. (2019). The socialist manifesto: The case for radical politics in an era of extreme inequality. Hachette UK.

Veresha, R. V. (2016). Determination motive through the prism of the general concept of the motives of human behaviour. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(11), 4739–4750.

Verkuyten, M. (2018). Religious fundamentalism and radicalization among Muslim minority youth in Europe. European Psychologist, 23(1), 21. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000314

Wan Husin, W. N., Halim, N. A., & Zul Kernain, N. F. (2021). Students’ perceptions on ethnic tolerance in Malaysia: A study in three public universities. Ethnicities, 21(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820951991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820951991

Yensenov, K., Duisen, S., Erimbetova, K., Kaliyev, J., & Yensepov, B. (2016). History of Kazakhstan as an image of an independent state. The Anthropologist, 26(1-2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892140

Zuriet, J., & Lyausheva, S. (2019). Muslim identity in the conceptual field of modern religious studies. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 72, pp. 02-12). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf /20197202008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197202008

Downloads

Published

2023-02-07

How to Cite

Aimaganbetova, O., Lashkova, Y., Madaliyeva, Z., Zakaryanova, S., Sadvakassova, Z., & Kassen, G. (2023). Youth’s Disposition of Radicalism in a Poly-Ethnic and Poly-Confessional Society from the Perspective of Tolerance/Intolerance. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 10(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1155

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 1: 2023

Section

Original Manuscript

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

By submitting a manuscript to JECS, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JECS upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide publication rights and the right for JECS to grant permissions as JECS editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and its metadata in professional indexing and reference services. Any revenues from such redistribution are used solely to support the continued publication and distribution of articles.

Received 2022-03-24
Accepted 2023-01-20
Published 2023-02-07
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC